To the content
3. Приложение . 2021

Hormone-dependent diseases of the female reproductive system in the era of COVID-19: quo vadis?

Abstract

Currently, the world is facing an emergency situation - an outbreak of a new coronavirus infection. A sudden pandemic has dramatically changed the way of life and caused fundamentally new risks to public health. In this regard, obstetricians and gynecologists should pay even closer attention to aspects of women's health both during illness and in the post-ovarian period. The review presents aspects of the problem of providing care to patients with menopausal disorders, benign breast dysplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, as well as those in need of hormonal contraception. In the new realities, women's bodies are forced to adapt to acute or chronic stress, the influence of drugs used for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. The organization of gynecological care during a pandemic requires a personalized approach to the management of patients with hormone-dependent diseases and the risk of unplanned pregnancy, as well as the development of clear algorithms that can be relied on in daily work, both the practitioner and the health care organizers.

Keywords:COVID-19; menopausal hormone therapy; contraception; benign breast dysplasia; abnormal uterine bleeding

Funding. The authors received no financial support.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

For citation: Khamoshina M.B., Zhuravleva I.S., Artemenko Yu.S., Dmitrieva E.M. Hormone-dependent diseases of the female reproductive system in the era of COVID-19: quo vadis? Akusherstvo i ginekologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie [Obstetrics and Gynecology: News, Opinions, Training]. 2021; 9 (3). Supplement: 35-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33029/2303-9698-2021-9-3suppl-35-42 (in Russian)

REFERENCES

1. URL: https://ruxpert.ru/Статистика:Продолжительность_жизни_в_России

2. Tiruneh S.A., Tesema Z.T., Azanaw M.M., et al. The effect of age on the incidence of COVID-19 complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2021; 10: 80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01636-2 URL: https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980104/

3. Zhou F., Yu T., Du R., Fan G., Liu Y., Liu Z., et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10 229): 1054-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32171076/

4. Blagosklonny M.V. From causes of aging to death from COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020; 12: 10 004-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103493 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32534452/

5. VI International Online Conference «COVID-19. Russian and international experience». RIA Novosti source. URL: https://ria.ru/20210315/koronavirus-1601332596.html (in Russian)

6. Khamoshina M.B., Demina O.A., Ismailova A., Artemenko Yu.S., Ramaza-nova F.U. Dynamics of the structure of reasons for hospitalization in a non-coarse gynecological hospital before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Ott Readings: Abstracts III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conferences for Obstetricians and Gynecologists (12-13 November 2021, St Petersburg). Moscow: Izdatel’stvo zhurnala StatusPraesens, 2021: 32-3. (in Russian)

7. Drzhevetskaya K.S., Korzhenkova G.P. Breast cancer screening in an unfavorable epidemiological situation COVID-19. Issledovaniya i praktika v medicine [Research and Practice in Medicine]. 2021; 8 (3): 34-44. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/provedenie-skrininga-raka-molochnoyzhelezy-v-usloviyah-neblagopriyatnoy-epidemiologicheskoy-situatsiicovid-19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17709/2410-1893-2021-8-3-3 (in Russian)

8. Crivellaro P., Tafur M., George R., Muradali D. Diagnostic interval for nonscreening patients undergoing mammography during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Radiol. 2022; 32 (1): 613-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-021-08117-z

9. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Temporary guidelines «Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)». Version 10 of February 8, 2021. (in Russian)

10. Ulumbekova G.E., Khudova I.Yu. Demographic, social and economic effects of menopause hormonal therapy. ORGZDRAV: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie. Vestnik VShOUZ [City Health Care: news, opinions, training. Bulletin of Higher School of Healthcare Organization and Management]. 2020; 6 (4): 23-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24411/2411-8621-2020-14002 (in Russian)

11. Tsiligiannis S., Wick-Urban B.C., van der Stam J., Stevenson J.C. Efficacy and safety of a low-dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy with 0.5 mg 170-estradiol and 2.5 mg dydrogesterone in subgroups of postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms. Maturitas. 2020; 139: 20-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.002

12. Adamyan L.V., Andreeva E.N., Absatarova Yu.S. Menopausal hormone therapy during a pandemic: weighing the benefits and risks. Problemy reproduktsii [Problems of Reproduction]. 2021; 27 (3-2): 35-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17116/repro20212703235 (in Russian)

13. Yakushevskaya O.V., Yureneva S.V. Menopausal hormone therapy in the context of the COVID-19 coronavirus infection pandemic. Doctor.Ru. 2021; 20 (1): 78-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-1-78-83 URL: https://journaldoctor.ru/catalog/ginekologiya/menopauzalnaya-gormonalnaya-terapiya-v-usloviyakh-pandemii-koronavirusnoy-infektsii-covid-19/ (in Russian)

14. Cagnacci A., Bonaccorsi G., Gambacciani M.; board of the Italian Menopause Society. Reflections and recommendations on the COVID-19 pandemic: should hormone therapy be discontinued? Maturitas. 2020; 138: 76-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.022

15. Kuznetsov M.R., Reshetov I.V., Papysheva O.V., Yasnopol’skaya N.V., Sorokina I.V. Menopausal hormone therapy in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lechebnoe delo [Medical Care]. 2020; (3): 47-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2071-5315-2020-12256 (in Russian)

16. Wiersinga W.J., Rhodes A., Cheng A.C., Peacock S.J., Prescott H.C. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020; 324: 782-93. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32648899/

17. Li G., Fan Y., Lai Y., Han T., Li Z., Zhou P., et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020; 92 (4): 424-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25685 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31981224/

18. Mehta P., McAuley D.F., Brown M., Sanchez E., Tattersall R.S., Manson J.J.; and HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020; 395: 1033-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192578/

19. Drapkina O.M., Drozdova L.Yu., Boytsov S.A., Bulgakova E.S., Ivanova E.S., Kunyaeva T.A., et al. Temporary methodological recommendations «Provision of outpatient medical care to patients with chronic diseases subject to dispensary supervision in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic». Profilakticheskaya meditsina [Preventive Medicine]. 2020; 23 (3-2): 2004-41. (in Russian)

20. Guan W.J., Ni Z.Y., Hu Y., et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382 (18): 1708-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032

21. Richardson S., Hirsch J.S., Narasimhan M., et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020; 323 (20): 2052-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775

22. Shakhmatova, O.O. Bradykinin storm: new aspects in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. URL: https://cardioweb.ru/news/item/2361-bradikininovyj-shtorm-novye-aspekty-vpatogeneze-covid-19 (date of access November 23, 2020) (in Russian)

23. Ye Q., Wang B., Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the «Cytokine Storm» in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 80 (6): 607-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037

24. ARCS/BFS COVID Working Group. The Association of Reproductive and Clinical Scientists (ARCS) and British Fertility Society (BFS) U.K. Best practice guidelines for reintroduction of routine fertility treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. URL: https://www.britishfertilitysociety.org.uk (date of access August 27, 2020)

25. Schastlivtsev I.V., Lobastov K.V., Tsaplin S.N., Mkrtychev D.S. A modern view of the hemostasis system: cellular theory. Meditsinskiy sovet [Medical Council]. 2019; (16): 72-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2019-16-72-77 (in Russian)

26. Long B., Brady W.J., Koyfman A., Gottlieb M. Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2020; 38 (7): 1504-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.048 URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165109/

27. Hoffmann M., Kleine-Weber H., Schroeder S., Kruger N., Herrler T., Erichsen S., et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020; 181 (2): 271-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32142651/

28. Gheblawi M., Wang K., Viveiros A., Nguyen Q., Zhong J.C., Turner A.J., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system: celebrating the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ACE2. Circ Res. 2020; 126 (10): 1456-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32264791/

29. Yi C., Sun X., Ye J., et al. Key residues of the receptor binding motif in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 that interact with ACE2 and neutralizing antibodies. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020; 17 (6): 621-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z

30. Schieffer E., Schieffer B., Hilfi ker-Kleiner D. Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und COVID-19: Pathophysiologie, Komplikationen und Therapien [Cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19: Pathophysiology, complications and treatment]. Herz. 2021; 46 (2): 107-114. German. DOI: https://doi.org10.1007/s00059-020-05013-y

31. La Vignera S., Cannarella R., Condorelli R.A., Torre F., Aversa A., Calogero A.E. Sex-specific SARS-CoV-2 mortality: among hormone-modulated ACE2 expression, risk of venous thromboembolism and hypovitaminosis D. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (8). PubMed PMID: 32331343. PMCID: PMC7215653. Epub 2020 Apr 26. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32331343/

32. Erfinanda L., Ravindran K., Kohse F., Gallo K., Preissner R., Walther T., et al. Estrogen-mediated upregulation of the Mas receptor contributes to sex differences in acute lung injury and lung vascular barrier regulation. Eur Respir J. 2021; 57 (1): e2000921. PubMed PMID: 32764118. Epub 2020 Aug 09. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32764118/

33. Scully E.P., Haverfield J., Ursin R.L., Tannenbaum C., Klein S.L. Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 20 (7): 442-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32528136/

34. Lee J.H., Kim Y.C., Cho S.H., Lee J., You S.C., Song Y.G., et al. Effect of sex hormones on coronavirus disease 2019: an analysis of 5,061 laboratory-confirmed cases in South Korea. Menopause (New York, NY). 2020; 27 (12): 1376-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001657 URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7709921/

35. Mauvais-Jarvis F., Merz N.B., Barnes PJ., et al. Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease and medicine. Lancet. 2020; 396 (10 250): 565-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)3156

36. Pinna G. Sex and COVID-19: A Protective Role for Reproductive Steroids. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2021; 32 (1): 3-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.004

37. Shastri A., Wheat J., Agrawal S., et al. Delayed clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in male compared to female patients: high ACE2 expression in testes suggests possible existence of gender-specific viral reservoirs. URL: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.16.20060566v1.full.pdf+html (date of access January 15, 2021)

38. Ding T., Zhang J., Wang T., Cui P., Chen Z., Jiang J., et al. Potential influence of menstrual status and sex hormones on female SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional study from multicentre in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 72 (9): e240-8. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32697835/

39. Liu D., Ding H.L., Chen Y., Chen D.H., Yang C., Yang L.M., et al. Comparison of the clinical characteristics and mortalities of severe COVID-19 patients between pre- and post-menopause women and age-matched men. Aging. 2021; 13 (18): 21 903-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203532 URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507288/

40. Breithaupt-Faloppa A.C., Correia C.J., Prado C.M., Stilhano R.S., Ureshino R.P., Moreira L.F.P. 17beta-estradiol, a potential ally to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020; 75: e1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e1980 URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32490931/

41. Seeland U., Coluzzi F., Simmaco M., Mura C., Bourne P.E., Heiland M., et al. Evidence for treatment with estradiol for women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. BMC Med. 2020; 18 (1): 369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01851-z URL: https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7685778/

42. Costeira R., Lee K.A., Murray B., Christiansen C., Castillo-Fernandez J., Ni Lochlainn M., et al. Estrogen and COVID-19 symptoms: associations in women from the COVID Symptom Study. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (9): e0257051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0257051 URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar-ticles/PMC8432854/

43. Bonaccorsi G., Gambacciani M., Gemmati D. Can estrogens protect against COVID-19? The COVID-19 puzzling and gender medicine. Minerva Ginecol. 2020; 72 (3): 178-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4784.20.04594-3 PMID: 33000616. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33000616/

44. Mauvais-Jarvis F., Klein S.L., Levin E.R. Estradiol, progesterone, immuno-modulation, and COVID-19 outcomes. Endocrinology. 2020; 161 (9): bqaa127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaa127

45. Methodical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation «Organization of medical care for pregnant women, women in labor, parturient women and newborns with a new coranovirus infection COVID-19». 2021. Version 4: 6. (in Russian)

46. RCOG. Restoration and Recovery: Priorities for Obstetrics and Gynaecology. A prioritisation framework for care in response to COVID-19. 26 June 2020. URL: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2020-06-26-restora-tion-and-recovery-priorities-for-obstetrics-and-gynaecology.pdf (date of access August 27, 2020)

47. URL: https://medvedomosti.media/articles/kontratseptsiya-v-period-pan-demii-covid-19-rekomendatsii-voz/

48. Ramirez I., De la Viuda E., Baquedano L., Coronado P., Llaneza P., Mendoza N., et al. Managing thromboembolic risk with menopausal hormone therapy and hormonal contraception in the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations from the Spanish Menopause Society, Sociedad Espanola de Ginecologfa y Obstetricia and Sociedad Espanola de Trombosis y Hemostasia. Maturitas. 2020; 137: 57-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.04.019

49. Fruzzetti F., Cagnacci A., Primiero F., De Leo V., Bastianelli C., Bruni V., et al. Contraception during Coronavirus-COVID 19 pandemia. Recommendations of the Board of the Italian Society of Contraception. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2020; 25 (3): 231-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2020.1766016

50. Bebneva T.N., Raevskaya O.V. Threats of our time. Hormonal contraception during COVID-19. StatusPraesens, 03.2021. (in Russian)

51. Dyrstad S.W., et al. Breast cancer risk associated with benign breast disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Threat. 2015; 149 (3): 569-75.

52. Talevi D., Socci V., Carai M., Carnaghi G., Faleri S., Trebbi E., et al. Mental health outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. Riv Psichiatr. 2020; 55 (3): 137-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1708/3382.33569 PMID: 32489190.

53. Chou C.P., Lin H.S. Delayed breast cancer detection in an Asian Country (Taiwan) with low COVID-19 incidence. Cancer Manag Res. 2021; 13: 5899-906. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S314282

54. Purcino F.A.C., Ruiz C.A., Sorpreso I.C.E., et al. Management of benign and suspicious breast lesions during the coronavirus disease pandemic: recommendations for triage and treatment. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020; 75: e2097. Epub 2020 Jun 29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e2097

55. Yelamanchi R., Agrawal H., Durga C.K. Surgical triage of breast disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Indian perspective. Malays J Med Sci. 2020; 27 (6): 187-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2020.27.6.16

56. Women’s Health Index. Gideon Richter. URL: https://week.whealth.ru/up-load/iblock/052/0523bb747908dbf9d925533af2f4c41a.pdf

57. Plaza M.J., Wright J., Fernandez S. COVID-19 vaccine-related unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy: pattern on screening breast MRI allowing for a benign assessment. Clin Imaging. 2021; 80: 139-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clin-imag.2021.07.011

58. Weitgasser L., Mahrhofer M., Schoeller T. Potential immune response to breast implants after immunization with COVID-19 vaccines. Breast. 2021; 59: 76-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2021.06.002

59. Munro M.G., Critchley H.O.D., Fraser I.S.; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018; 143 (3): 393-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12666

60. Reavey J.J., Walker C., Murray A.A., et al. Obesity is associated with heavy menstruation that may be due to delayed endometrial repair. J Endocrinol. 2021; 249 (2): 71-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-20-0446

61. URL: https://www.figo.org/abnormal-uterine-bleeding-and-covid-19-april-2020-guidance

62. Joint RCOG, BSGE and BGCS guidance for the management of abnormal uterine bleeding in the evolving Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020 Mar 30. URL: https://mk0britishsociep8d9m.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Joint-RCOG-BSGE-BGCS-guidance-for-management-of-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-AUB-in-the-evolving-Coronavirus-COVID-19-pandemic-300320-2.pdf

63. Critchley H.O.D., Maybin J.A., Armstrong G.M., et al. Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation. Physiol Rev. 2020; 100 (3): 1149-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2019

64. Maybin J.A., Murray A.A., Saunders P.T.K., et al. Hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factor-1a are required for normal endometrial repair during menstruation. Nat Commun. 2018; 9: 285.

65. European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults. Obes Facts 2015; 8: 402-24.

66. Huang Y., Lu Y., Huang Y.M., Wang M., Ling W., Sui Y., et al. Obesity in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2020; 113: 154378. Epub 2020 Sep 28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/_j.metabol.2020.154378

All articles in our journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0 license)

CHIEF EDITORS
CHIEF EDITOR
Sukhikh Gennadii Tikhonovich
Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, V.I. Kulakov Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology National Medical Research Center of Ministry of Healthсаre of the Russian Federation, Moscow
CHIEF EDITOR
Kurtser Mark Arkadievich
Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, Professor, Head of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Subdepartment of the Pediatric Department, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Scientific Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
CHIEF EDITOR
Radzinsky Viktor Evseevich
Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, Professor, Head of the Subdepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology with a Course of Perinatology of the Medical Department in the Russian People?s Friendship University

Journals of «GEOTAR-Media»